Matter in Our Surroundings

By /

Matter in Our Surroundings

Matter in Our Surroundings

Matter:- Anything that occupy space and have mass. It is made up of atoms.

Atoms:- Tiny particle of matter.

Characteristics of particles of matter:-

  • They have space between them
  • Particles of matter are in constant motion
  • Particles of matter attract each other known as force of attraction
  • Particles of matter are very, very small
  • With increasing temperature kinetic energy of particles increases .
  • With increasing rate of kinetic energy, rate of diffusion also increases.

Diffusion:- Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter known as Diffusion.

State of matter:-

  1. Solid:- Solid has definite Shape and volume.
  2. Liquid :- have definite volume but indefinite Shape
  3. Gas:- Indefinite shape and volume
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Fixed Indefinite Indefinite
Volume Fixed Fixed Indefinite
Space between particles Very Little Higher than Solid Higher than liquid
Force of attraction Very strong  Less than Solid Negligible
Particles arrangement Closely packed, Orderly Disorderly Very Disorderly
Movement of particles Vibrate in fixed position Can move Move freely
Compressibility Can’t Almost negligible Compressible
Kinetic Energy Very low Higher than Solid Very high

Another state of Matter:-

  • Plasma:- It is often referred to as the fourth state of matter where atoms have been stripped of their electrons, resulting in a mixture of free electrons and ions. For example:- Sun, Stars ,Neon signs and other types of gas discharge tubes use plasma to produce light.
  • Bose Einstein Condensate:-It is the fifth state of matter. Bose Einstein Condensate or BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density to super low temperatures.

Note:- Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose made a study regarding 5th state of matter called the Bose Einstein Condensate.

Physical State of matter can be interconverted by two way:-

  1. Changing temperature . For example:- if temperature lowered then gas change into liquid.
  2. Changing pressure. For example:- when high pressure applied to gas it compressed

For Convert           Method

⚫Solid to liquid ➖ Melting/Fusion

⚫Liquid to solid➖ Freezing / Solidification

⚫Solid to gas➖ Sublimation

⚫Gas to Solid➖ Deposition

⚫ Liquid to gas➖ Evaporation / Vaporisation

⚫Gas to liquid ➖ Condensation

Example of sublimation:- Ammonium Chloride, Camphor etc

Melting Point:- Minimum temperature at which solid melt at atmospheric pressure.

Boiling Point:- The temperature at which liquid changes to gas at atmospheric pressure.

Note:- Boiling point of water is 100°c/373k

Note:- SI unit of temperature is Kelvin(k)

0°c=273 k and 0k = 273°c(absolute zero temperature)

 Kelvin= °C + 273.15

Celsius= Kelvin – 273.15

Fahrenheit=1.8°C +32

 Latent Heat:- Heat required to change state of substance without causing any increase in temperature.

Latent Heat of Vaporisation:- Heat needed to convert 1 kg of liquid into gas (Boiling point at atmospheric pressure)

 Latent Heat of Fusion:- Heat needed to convert 1 kg of Solid into Liquid ( Melting Point at atmospheric)

 Evaporation:- Liquid to gas at any temperature below its boiling point. Evaporation gives cooling effect.

Rate of evaporation increase with:-

  • Increase of surface area
  • Increase of temperature
  • Decrease in humidity
  • Increase in wind wind speed
  • If amount of water in air is already high then rate of evaporation decreases.

Note:- We can boil water at room temperature at low pressure

Note:- If atmospheric pressure is high then boiling point is also high hence food take more time to cook

SI Unit:-

  • Temperature:- Kelvin
  • Mass:- kilogram
  • Weight:- Newton
  • Current:- Ampere
  • Pressure:- Pascal
  • Time:- Second
  • Luminous intensity:- Candela
  • Length:- Meter

Difference between Evaporation and Vaporization:-

Evaporation Vaporization
This is a slow and gradual process it is a rapid and violent process
It take place only at surface of the liquid It take place over the entire liquid
It can take place at all temperature It takes place only at s fixed temperature that is at boiling point
It causes cooling It does not produce cooling

Effect of pressure:-

  • With increasing pressure gas change into liquid.
  • With decreasing pressure Solid change into gas.

Note:- Dry ice :-Solid carbon dioxide. It is store under high pressure and in low temperature.

 

 

Scroll to Top